Back Pain during yoga. Can you suggest anything to help me?

I have been asked the following question about back pain doing postures. Here is my short general answer:

QUESTION: I have difficulty breathing in when I drop back to a back arch (urdhva dhanurasana) from standing with my arms in the air (urdhva hastasana) as it aggravates my back pain. Can you suggest anything to help me?

MY ANSWER: It is common problem to confuse the muscles of trunk stability with the muscles of breathing. It sounds like that is what you are doing. When you ‘drop back’ to a back arch you need to be ‘firm but calm’ (sthira sukham asanam). Trunk firmness is best achieved in the upper trunk by compressing the chest by keeping the ribs inwards with the same muscles you use to make a forced exhalation from the chest. This action, in which the ribs are held close to the spine, is a type of compressive uddiyana bandha (chest lock).

However, when you using the muscles of chest exhalation to hold the trunk firm you cannot use the chest to inhale. Therefore you must inhale from the abdomen, using your diaphragm. However, an abdominal (diaphragmatic) inhalation will only be possible if you are not trying to firm the lower trunk and the abdomen with the muscles of abdominal exhalation.

It is commonly still taught that you can stabilise the lower trunk by ‘pulling the navel towards the spine’. Whilst no instruction is ‘wrong’ or ‘right’ as such in this case the act of ‘pulling the navel to the spine’ is generally achieved by using the muscles of forced abdominal exhalation, which when active generally inhibit or ‘switch off’ the main muscle of abdominal inhalation, which is the diaphragm. Hence you cannot breathe easily using the diaphragm, which is also important in keeping you calm.

In addition, you cannot breathe into the chest w

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